Zero Defects
Introduction to Zero Defects
Zero Defects was first introduced by Philip Crosby, who was an American business man, in his “14 Step Quality Improvement Process”. Since then, a number of manufacturing organisations have employed it to tackle and improve quality issues. It (Zero defects) is referred to as a philosophy, a mentality or a movement which is aimed at minimizing the number of defects in manufactured products and service as much as possible. It is often considered as having no distinct steps to follow or rules to abide by, which leaves companies open to customising how they want it to work for themselves. This is perhaps why zero defects can be so effective, because it means it's adaptable to any situation, business, profession or industry.
Principles of Zero Defects
According to Philip Crosby, the principles of the Zero Defects as follows:
Quality Is Defined As Conformance To Requirements – Basically, every product or service has a requirement; a description of what the customer expects to see. Hence, a certain product is said to have achieved quality if and when it meets those requirements. However, this should not be confused with higher standards of products. For instance, it’ll be unrealistic to say that a basic mobile phone is of low quality compared to the latest Blackberry phone because they both have to meet different quality standards to pass the quality test. Based on this, Zero Defects means the basic mobile phone is a quality product if it meets the initial requirements set for it. That is, if it can make and take phone calls clearly, send and receive text messages among other things, then it is only realistic to say it conforms to quality and has (close to) zero defects. Defects Prevention Is Better than Quality Inspection and Correction - In product quality management sense, it is preferable that defect prevention is made a part of manufacturing or company practice rather than quality inspection and correction. This is simply because this of Zero Defects management is almost less troublesome, more certain and less expensive as it aims to prevent defects rather than to discover and correct them later on. Quality Standard Means Zero Defects - The third principle of Zero Defects is based on the nature of requirements in that, if a requirement expresses what is genuinely needed by the customer or product itself; then any product or service unit that does not meet requirements will not satisfy the need and is nowhere near as good as expected. However, in some cases, some unit that do not meet requirements could actually still satisfy the need, which means the requirement should be reviewed and changed to reflect reality. Quality Is Measured in Terms of Money (i.e. The Price of Non-conformance (PONC)) - Last but not the lease in the Philip Crosby’s principles of Zero Defects, is based on the fact that Crosby believes that every defect represents a hidden cost, including: the costs inspection time, rework and revenue. Furthermore, there’s the cost of wasted material, labour and that of customer dissatisfaction. When properly identified and brought to light, the effects of these costs can be made apparent. This will help provide a cost-justification for steps to improve quality; provide a way to measure Zero Defect management progress, which is essential to maintaining management commitment and to rewarding employees and ensure company goals are made measurable so that actions can be made concrete and decisions can be made on the basis of relative return.
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